Railway signaling system.



PATBNTED MAR. 8, 190 4.

9 sums-sum 1.

. [five/2hr H BEZER RAILWAY SIGNALING SYSTEM.

APPLIUATION run FEB 4, 1903 no MODEL.

No. 754,363. PATENTED MAR. 8, 1904.

H. BEZER. RAILWAY SIGNALING SYSTEM.

APPLICATION IILEDIEB. 4, 1903.

N0 MODEL. I 9 BHEETS-SHHET 2.

Fig. 5

- fi'zz/eizfor 'No. 754,363. 7 PATENTED MAR. a, 1904.

- H. BEZER.

RAILWAY SIGNALING SYSTEM.

APPLIGA'IION FILED FEB. 4, 1903. '1) MODEL. 7 9 SHEBTSBHEET 3.

. Lg G l I k 1 c' 2M 25.2 2 y I\ 20 26',- 1 k F g, 5 275 -1 225 No. 754,363: PATENTED MAR. a, 1904.

H. BEZER RAILWAY SIGNALING SYSTEM.

APPLICATION ruin) FEB. 4, 190a. N6 MODEL. 9 sums-51mm 4.

No. 754,363. PATENTED MARQ8, 1904.

H. BEZER.

RAILWAY SIGNALING SYSTEM.

- APPLIGATION FILED FEB. 4, 1903.

no uonnn.

9 SHEETS-45KB 5.

2221498868. f M flw z w No. 754,363. PATENTED MAR. 8, 1904. H. BEZER. RAILWAY SIGNALING SYSTEM.

, APPLICATION FILED FEB. 4, 1903.

K0 IODEL. I 9 SHEETS-BREE! B.

Mai/leases: lm/elzfor M I 4 323 yw y No. 754,363. PATENTED MAR. s, 1904 H1 BEZER. I

RAILWAY SIGNALING SYSTEM.

APPLICATION FILED FEB. 4, 1903.

N0 MODEL.

9 SHEETS-SHEET 7.

' [nwzzior 9 SHEETS-$311121 8.

PATENTED MAR. 8, 1904;.

11.. BEZBR. RAILW'EY SIGNALING SYSTEM. AfiPLIdATIoN FILED FEB. 4, 1902.

no MODEL.

No. 754,363. PATENTED MAR. 8, 1904.

, H. BEZBR. V

RAILWAY SIGNALING SYSTEM APPLICATION FILED FEB. 4, 1903.

H0 MODEL.

9 SHEETB-SHEBT 9.

5y 7W MAE;

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE,

HENRY BEZER, OF WESTFIELD, NEW JERSEY,

RAILWAY-SIGNALING SYSTEM.

srncrrrcA'rron fannin part of Letters Patent No. 754,363,1iatd March a, 1904.

original application filed October 16, 1901;8Brial No- 78,812.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I HENRYBEZER, a subject of the King of Great Britain, residing at VVestrails of the trackas the only conductors from point'to point along the line of railway, may effect home and distant signal indications, and, further, in the provisions of means whereby such circuits may effect such indications without polarizedrel'ays.

My invention further consists in the provision of a source of electric energy of given power in a circuit controllinga signal, and a source of electric energy of greater power and train-controlled means in rear of the signal for connecting the source of electric energy of greater power in such circuit, and, further, in train-controlled means in rear of the signal for connecting the source of greater power in the circuit, and train-controlled means in advance of the signal for disconnecting the'source of greater power from the circuit, and, further, in means for efiiecting indications of one block clear and two blocks clear combined with such,traincont -olled means, and, further,-in meansfor reducing the flow of current to the lesser power when the train passes the indicating means.

My invention further consists in the provision of two front relays, one normally in circuit and the other normally out of circuit, and means controlled by the approach of a train for putting the latter relay in circuit, and, further, in means whereby such control is effected through the front relay normally in circuit.

My invention further consists in the provision of a series of rail-circuits having nor- Divided and this application'filed February 4, 1903 Serial (No model.)

mally deenergized rear relays, each of such I relays being controlled by the presence of a train in the second block in rear, to energize it, and, further, in the provision of means whereby with normally deenergized rear relays a signal two blocks in advance of a train must be in condition to go to clear before the signal immediately in advance of the train can give the two-blocks-clear indication, and,

further," in the provision of a normally deenergized home-signal rear relay and a normally denergized distant signal rear relay and means whereby the former is energized by the presence of a train in the second block in rear and the latter is energized by the presenoe 'of a train in the block in rear.

My invention further consists in the provision of means for assuring the operation of electric translating devices at the front end of a block or section, and, further, in means for sending a more powerful current to the exposed conductors or rails at the rear end of the block-or section for such purpose.

My invention further consists in the combination of a switch-controlling device and a.-

signal, the block or section havingno insulated joints at the switch and the signal having all-rail circuits, and, further, in the provision of means whereby with such rail-circuits for the signal the signal is prevented from giving a safety indication when the switch is open, and a safety operation of the switch-controlling means is prevented when the signal is in the safety condition, nd, further, in the provision of a switch rear ielay on normally closed circuit and means whereby the circuit thereof is opened on the approach of a train. l

My invention further consists in means whereby the switch-controlling device is on a separate line-circuit from the switch to the signal.

My invention further consists in various improvements in circuits and apparatus and in details of construction of circuits and apparatus, as hereinafter fully describedand claimed.

I will now particularly describe the circuits and apparatus illustrated in the accompanying drawings and embodying my invention and Wlll thereafter point out my invention in claims.

Figure 1 is a front elevation, partly in sec tion, of a signal-post having two signal-semaphores home and distant. Fig. 2 is a front elevation, on an enlarged scale, of a portion of the signal mechanism for such signals. Fig. 3 is a plan View of such signal mechanism.

4 is a detail elevationof the rear relay all vertical section of the main commutator. Fig. 5 is a front elevation of a signal-post containing a single threeposition signal. Fig. 6 is an enlarged vertical section of portions of the same, showing the signal mechanism. Fig. 7 is a diagrammatic view illustrating the commutator, relays, and circuit connections at the rear ends of two adjacent blocks. Figs. 8, 9,10, 11, and 1 2 are similar views of moditied constructions.

and also by the weight of their v up-anddown rods 206and'207, respectively. In the construction shown-in Figs. 5 and 6 a single threeposition semaphore 203 is shown embodying the invention set forth 1 and claimed in my Patent No. 602,792, issued April 19, 1898, this semaphore indicating danger by horizontal position, one block clear by oblique position, and two blocks clear by vertical position. This signal is counterweighted to go to danger by its own Weight, its pivotalcenter being near the upper edge, and is also thus counterweighted by the weight of its up-anddown rod 208. The day-signal semaphores only are shown; but these semaphores-Would 'of course be properly combined with lanterns The semaphore 'or'v to give the night-signals. semaphores are carried on posts 20, extending upward fromsignal-boxes 205, within which are located the signal-actuating mechanisms. Sufiicient only of this actuating mechanism is shown to enable the operation of. the controlling-circuitsto be understood. In both of these constructions'the main shaft 214 'hasthereon the actuating crank and pin 218,

on which is pivotally connected one end of the connecting-rod 219, theother end of which is pivotally connected to the cross-lever 220.

The cross-lever 220 is also pivotally connected to the actuating-rod 208 and is medially fill-- crumed upon the clutch-lever 221, and the clutch-lever has a stationary pivotal pointin proximity to the point where the cross-lever 220 is pivoted thereon and carries at its lower These 2 end the, armature 224; magnet'D. v

of the anathema A locking ratchet-wheel 225 is provided on the main shaft 214 and wants with a lock-pawl 227, which looks the shaft against rearward movement, and this pawl is held against the ratchet-wheel by a-counterweighting foot piece 228, this foot-piece having an insulated upper plate of conductive material arranged to come in contact with and electrically con nectthe flexible contacts F F as the pawl is lifted by the ratchet-teeth.

The main commutator-K is secured upon the main shaft 214:,and isprovided with a number of plates which act in various positions of the commutator to electrically conncct difi'erentbrushes thereof. -A number of fixed brushes is provided (designated 1 to 17, inclusive) in the several different constructions of commutator illustrated in Figs. 7 to 12, inclusive, but not'all appearing in any one View, and twelve being provided in the construction shown in Figs. 1 to 4, inclusive, which corresponds to that shown in Fig. 7, A movable brush f is also provided,this brush appearing in all constructions, and the movable brush f is carried by the armature-lever 232 of'an electric translating device or compound rear relay. In the construction shown in Figs. 1 to 4, inclusive, and Fig. 7 this electric translating device comprises four pairs of opposed coils, the two pairs of opposed coils G and H constituting the home-signal rear relay and the two pairs of opposed coils G and H constituting the switch rear relay,

. these relays being symmetrically disposed, the

four coils of the relay G H being in the mid-- dle and two co'ils of the relay G H at each end, thereby preventing twisting strains to the common armature from theseparate actions of the relays. In the construction shownin Figs. 5 and 6 this electric translating device is composed only ofthe twopairs of opposed coils G and H, constituting the homesignal rear relay. The main commutator K and, commutator-brushes of the construction shown in Figs. 5 and 6 correspond with those shown in'Fig. 9.

The armature-lever 232 is shown as.pro

vided with a counterweight or tailpiece 233, I

which tends to move it backward away from the front coils G G or G of the rear relay," and the adjustment of the backward position of the armature-lever is effected by an adjustable back screw contact g, shown as threadedin a plug fixed in the, base 234, which base should be of insulating material, as stone,

and the screw-contact g is shown as provided with a spring to prevent loosening thereof.

The adjustment of the extreme front position of the armature-lever is provided by adjust-' ment of the relay and base as a whole, the

base 234 being supported on ledges formed in.

uprights 235 236, the frdnt upright 235 having guiding-pins and'springs 237 and the rear will exert a slight spring-pressure against the commutator when in forward position.

For the purpose of cushioning the movements of the signals in their return to danger position under the action of their counterweights I provide electromagnetic brakeclutches. Inthe construction employing two signals, Figs. 1 to 4, inclusive, each signal hasan independent brake-clutch, the home signal 201 having the brake-clutch annular electromagnet C carried on a spider 244, the spider being fitted to rotate on a stud 240, carried on a bracket 243, secured to the signalbox 205. The spider 244 has a connecting-rod 241, whereby it 'is connected to the home-signal up-and-down rod 206 at the joint of the same with the cross-link 249, which cross-link connects the two up-and-down rods. A fixed disk armature 242 is provided for this annular clutch-magnet (J. This annular clutch-mag net is of the type known as iron-clad electromagnets and need not be particulafly described. This home-signal brakeclutch C also performs the function of a holding-clu tch under conditions such that the distant signal is returned to danger and the home signal maintained at safety, as will appear from the description of the circuits.

The distant-signal brake-clutchelectromagnet C and spider 245,mounted to rotate on the stud 246 of bracket 247 and having a connecting-rod 248 connected to the distant-signal up-and-down rod 207 at the joint of the same with the cross-link 249, and also the fixed disk armature 239 of this magnet are of the same construction as the parts just described of the home-signal clutch. The three-position signal of the construction shown in Figs. 5 and 6 has but one upand-down rod", which is the mutating-rod 208, and a, single brake-clutch, and the connectingrod 250 of this brake-clutch is joined to the actuating up-and-dOwn rod 208 at its joint with thecross-lever 220. The clutch-electromagnet C is located lower down, near the baseplate, and is of the same annular or iron-clad spider, the home brake-clutch C having the commutator J with brushes 18, 19, and 20, the distant brake-clutch C having the com mutator J with brushes 21 and 22, and the home and distant or three position brakeclutch C having the commutator brushes 18, 19, and 20.

In the construction shown in Figs. 1 to 4, inclusive, employing two signalsa home and a distant signalconnecting and selecting mechanism is provided whereby the actuating-rod 208 imparts the necessary movements to the separate up-and-down rods of the two signals and whereby these movements are controlled. The cross-link 249, above referred to, is pivotally connected at each end to one of the upand-down rods and pivotally medially .connected to the actuating-rod 208. The homesignal rod pivot-pim254 is provided with friction-rollers working against guide-surfaces in fixed guide-plates 256. The distant-signal rod pivot-pin 257 has friction-rollers working in vertical grooves in such guide-plates. A pivoted latch-lever has'a depending locking-arm 259 to lock the distantsignal during the movement of the home signal to safety, and an actuating-arm 260, which unlocks the lockingarm at the completion of the movement of the home signal to safety.

The signals are normally in the horizontal J with or danger position; The normal position of the controlling mechanism is shown in Fig.2.

The holding-clutch electromagnet D is denlever 259 260 and unlock the distant-signal up-and-down rod 207. If the conditions of traflic permit the distant signal also to be put tosafety the actuation of the main shaft will be continued through approximately another quarter-revolution.

Should the second block in advance become occupied by a train after both signals have been put to safety I. have provided for returning the distant signal to danger and leaving the home signal at safety. Under such conditions the holding-clutch D will be denergized and simultaneously the. home-signalclutch .C energized more powerfully than for a brake clutch, so as to become a holding-clutch and to hold the home signal atsafety. The distant signal wi ll,however,be free to go to danger, its movement being checked as it approaches the danger position by its brake-clutch C. The motor will also be actuated and by forward rotation of the main shaft through approximately one-quarter of a revolution will force the distant signal to danger should its counterweight fail to put it to danger. .At the completion of the movement of the distant sig nal to d anger and the movement of the main shaft 214:,the said one-quarter of a revolution, the holding-clutch D will be energized and the home-signal clutch C deenergized, and the upward thrust on the connecting-rod 219 resulting from the actuation of the motor will have assured that the clutch-armature 224 will be against the poles of the clutch-electromagnet D at the completion of the movement, so that the holding-clutch D will be effective to hold both signals in the position'which they have now assumed, the home signal at safety and the distant signal at danger.

- The signals will be free to return to danger under the action of their counterweight-s from the several positions of safety indication above described upon the deenergization of the holding-clutch D, and their movement will be retarded as they approach danger by their respective brake-clutches C and'C. I also provide, however, that simultaneously with the de'einergization of the holding-clutch D the motor will be energized and will cause a forward rotation'of the main shaft to normal position so as to force the signals to dam ger should the counterweights fail to act, and the final upward movement of the crank-pin 218 will force the clutch-lever 221 to normal position. 1

In the construction shown in Figs. 5 and 6, in which a singliathree-position signal 203 is employed, the actuating-rod 208, which in this construction is also the up-and-down rod of the signal, is shown as connected to the signalspindle 197 by a bell-crank 199 and connecting-rod 198. The actuating-rod 208 is actuated in the same manner to put the signal to the oblique or one-block-clear or home safety position and to the vertical or two-blocksclear or distant safety position, as heretofore described relative to the two-signal construction. In the movement from two to one block clear, equivalent to putting the distant signal to danger and leaving the home signal at clear, the holding-clutch magnet D is deenergized, as in the corresponding movement in the two-signal construction; but simultaneously the single brake-clutch U is energized,

so as to retard the movement of the signal, and the motor is energized, and the clutch remains energizedduring the entire movement, thereby compelling the motor to move the signal against the resistance of the brake-clutch C and causing the crank-pin 218 of the actuating-shaft to exert an upward pressure against a resistance to downward movement of the actuating-rod throughout the entire movement, which resistance will hold the holdingclutch armature 224 against its magnet D, so that at the conclusion of the movement, when the holding-clutch magnet is again energized,

the rail which is the lower one in these views as the lower"rail. In Figs. 7, 8, and 11 the block A is provided with one siding and in Fig. 12 with two sidings, and the switches are represented conventionally, as are also the con tacts controlled by the switches and the coils of the switch-controlling devices. In these diagrammatic drawings the several commutators are shown in development, the outlines of the several conductive plates and the separating spaces being shown. It will of course be understood that these conductive plates are secured upon sleeves of insulating material, so as to he electrically -insulated from each other.

In addition to the rear or track relays shown in Figs. 3 and 4 I provide other relays, as two front relays P Q, and T U, each having opposed coils and an, armature between the opposed coils and which are hereinafter collectively referred to as front translating means,and also compound relays V i V',having opposed coils and an armature between the opposed coils and distant-signal rear relays E andswitch-controlling relays I and other controlling-relays O and S. The several relays are in many constructions provided with a plurality of movable fingers insulated from each other and all actuated by the armatures of the relays, and. these fingers are conventionally represented in proximity to their controllingcoils, but suificiently separated for clear illustration. The movable commutatorbrush f is also rep-resented diagrammatically as contacting with the edge of its commutatorplate,this slight distortion being necessary for clear illustration of the circuit connections.

' I will first describe the construction and arrangement of circuits and apparatus illustrated in Fig. 10, as this drawing illustrates a simple construction embodying several features of my invention. In this construction I provide two front relays for each block, which is in rear-of another block. For the block A, shown as the first block to the right, one of these front relays has opposed electromagnets P Q, and the other has opposed electromagnets T U, the relay having the opposed electromagnets P Q, being operated by the presence of a train in the block in rear of the block A and both these front relays being operated by the presence of a train in the block A. I therefore designate the relay having the opposed electromagnetsP Q as the home A in advance'of the block A a correspondinghome and rear blocks front relay P Q and a corresponding home-block front relay T U are provided, and I will first describe the normal track-circuits of the block A, as this description will equally apply to the track-circuits of all other blocks except the front end block of a system, wherein no front relays would be required. The coils of the opposed electromagnets P Q of the home and rear blocks front relay are in anormally closed circuit from a part of the track-battery B this track-battery being shown as having two of its cells connected in multiple in such circuit, so that the-current flows from the two cells in multiple through wire 26', flexible contact 6, armature-finger a wire 27", through coils P,

and from coils P in two paths, one through the coils Q and wire 64 back to battery and the other through the wire 62 to the upper rail and from rail to rail through a circuit of variable resistance comprising the ground and the ties and from the lower rail by wires 65 64: back to battery. It will be noted, however, that the rails of the block are bridged at the rear end of the block'by metallic conductors extending from a battery B, located at the rear end of the block, and which will be termed the opposing battery, through which the current may be assumed to flow, as fol lows: from one cell of the opposing battery B by wire'31, contacts w w, front coils V of a compound relay V W, and from the coils V in two paths, one through the back coils W and back to battery and the other by wire 32, brushes 11 12, wire 33, contacts 8 9", wire 34,

contacts I) a, wires 35 38, to upper rail, and

from lower rail-by wire 39, coils H, wire 41, back to battery. -As the path of the trackbattery B through these conductors is in opposition to the polarity of the opposing batthefront coils P by the presence of a train I in the block A, which will cause the coils of the home-signal rear relay Gr H and of the by gravity in rearward position, a foot-piece being shown as provided for such purpose, and the home-block front relay is energized by the actuation of the corresponding home and rear blocks front relay P Q, resulting from the approach of a train.

I will now describe the operation,assuming,

first, that a train has entered the block in rear A, corresponding to the distant-signal rear re lay E,to be connected in multiple and with the rails at the rear end of the block A, as will appear from a description hereinafter given of a similar operation of the corresponding circuits at the rear end of the block A. This operation will cause the armature-lever of the home andvrear blocks front relay P Q toclose upon the contact q and, providing there is no train in the block A, will cause the normally open circuit which actuates the home-block front relayT U to be closed in the manner hereinafter described, but will not cause the front coils of the home-block front relay T U to attract the armature a of that relay, since the circuit of this relay will be closed through a circuit including the two relays already mentioned I circuit is as follows: from two cells in multiple of the battery B by wire 26, contacts 5 a wire 27, front coils P, and from the front coils P through the back coils Q back to battery and also from the front coils P by Wire 62 to the upper rail of the block A and through the ties and ground to some extent to the' lower rail, and by wire 65 back to battery, and from the upper rail through contacts at the rear end of the block A, corresponding to the contacts p q, and in series through-the homesignal rear relay coils at the rear end'of the block A, (corresponding to the home-signal rear-relay coils G H at the rear end of the block A,) and through the distant-signal rear relay (corresponding to E at the rear end of the block A) in parallel with the said homesignal rear-relay coils, (which are in series with each other,) the said distant-signal rear relay being thus placed in shunt with the home-signal rear-relay coils at the rear end of the block A through a circuit corresponding to the following circuit at the rear end of bear upon the commutator K on the line marked 1 block clear: from one terminal of the rear relay G H through wire 40, brush 5, the commutator, brush 4, wire 60, relay E,- wire 61, and wire 39 to the opposite terminal of the rear relay. The opposing battery at the rear endof the block A corresponding to the opposing battery B will not be in this circuit, because the contacts corresponding to a b will be open. The jointresistance of all the branches of the foregoing circuit which are included between the rails of the block A and in shunt with the back coils is such that the attraction of the front coils P will.

preponderate over that of the backvcoils Q,

' the armature-lever 1) will be caused to close on its front contact q, and'the front and back coils T and U of the home-block front relay will be introduced into the foregoing circuit and in parallel, respectively,,wit h the front and back coils P Q, as willbe hereinafter more fully explained. The armatureu of the homeblock' front/relay, however, will not be attracted toward its front coil T until the attraction of its back coil U is reduced by a-still further reduction in the resistance of that portion .of the circuit comprised between the rails of the block A and .in parallel with the back coils U and Q. The closing of the contacts 10 q ofthe home and rear blocks front relay closes a ..circuit-from a partshown as one cell of the opposing battery B and through the front coils G of the home-signal rear relay of the block A,

and thereby causes the movable brush f to come in contact with. the commutator K. This circuit is as follows: from one cell of the opposing battery B, by wire 31, flexible contact w, armature-lever 'v, and front coils V'of' the compound relay V W, wire 32, brushes 11 and 12,-wire 33, contacts 8 0, wire 34, contacts t a, wires 35 36, contacts 12 q, wires 37 40, front coils G, and wire 41 back to battery.

It will be observed that the circuit just dc:

scribed has a path branching from the junction of the wires 35 and 36, bythe wire 38vtothe upper rail, through the, upper'rail to the .front end of the block, through the wire 62, coils P wire 27, contacts a Z)", wire '26, two cells in multiple of thetrack-batteryB at the front end of the block A in opposition tosthe polarity thereof, and by Wires 64 65 to the lower rail and through the ties and ground to some extent from the upper rail to the lower rail and also through the coils Q and wires 64 ,65"to the lower rail, all of these connections being in multiple, and from the lower rail by wire 39 and back coils H to the wire 41, where- I in it meets the other path above described and proceeds back to battery. If the block A were'clear of trains, the joint resistance of these last-described circuits would be such that I amore powerful current would flow through 'mutator.

last described through the back coils H would I have its resistance greatly diminished by the train, which would connect the rails of the track A by its wheels and axles, forming a path of low resistance from the upper rail to the lower rail and cutting out the joint resistance and counter or opposed electromotive force of the coils P and the battery B in series with eachother and of the coils Q in parallel therewith, the current for the back coils H then flowing as follows: from one cell of the opposing battery B, through wires 31, contacts to o, coils V, wire 32, brushes 11 22, wire 33, contacts 8 a", wire 34, contacts a 0, wires 35 38, upper rail, wheels and axles of train, lower rail, wire 39, back coils H; and wire 41 back to battery. This circuit in multiple with that through the front coils G, above described, will hold back the movable brush f and prevent its contact with the com- A will also shunt the current of-the track- 'battery B and prevent any possibility of the actuation of the rear: relay by-this track-battery.

If there is no train in the block A, and there- The presence of a train in the block I brush will close a circuit from the main battery B through wire 42, movable brush :f, and

fixed brushl, wire 43, coils of relay-O, and

wires 44 45 back-to battery, The circuit thus closed actuates the armature of relay 0' and opensiat the contacts-a I) the circuitabove described, whereby the opposing battery B placed thev movable brush f in contact with the commutator; but themovable brush will be maintained against the commutator by current flowing from the-two cells in multiple of the track-battery B at the front end of the block A by wire 26, contacts 'Z a, wire 27, coils P, wire 62, upper rail, wires 38 36, contacts 19 q', wires 37 40, front coils G and back coils H in series, wire 39, lower rail,- .wires 65 64 back to battery. The maintenance of the movable brush f against the commutatori by the currentfrom the advance track-battery B puts the signal-controlling means of the home signal at the rear end of the blockA in the safety condition.

The energization of the coils of the relay O will also eifect the closing of contacts a? b and a b and a b, and the front. and back coils T U of the home-block front relay will be connected in'multiple, respectively, with the front and back coils P and Q, of the home and. rear blocks front relay while-both back coils are then in shunt or parallel with the portions of the circuit from rail to rail of the block A, the circuit including the whole of the trackbattery B by wire 46, brushes 6 7, wire 47,

contacts a" and a Z2 wire 48, coils T and U in series, and wire 64 back to battery, and

, ance of relays at the rear end of the block A.

from coils T by'wire 49,,. cntacts b a'by wire as already described, through these circuits from rail to rail comprising the'joint resist- .c'brresponding with the home-signal rear relay G H and the distantfsignal rear "relay E, and from lower rail b'ywires 65' 64: back to bat tery. The coils of the home and rear" blocks front relay P Q are now in multiple with the'coils T and U in this same circuit, having the full power of the battery 13, being comprised in a branch leading from between the contactsa a through wire 27 and coils P and Qin series and by wire 64 back tobattery, the

aforedescribed. track-circuit or circuits being in parallel with the back coils Q. Although the coils of the "home-block. front relay T -U are now in multiple with the'coils of the home and rear blocks front relay P Q, the armature of the home-block front relay is not attracted, because .ofthe' resistance in the 'iilfack-cllclllt efiectuallyreduce the current in the rear coils of the relays; I I h v This operationof the relay 0, resulting in the connection of.-both front relays with full battery-power, has put the full battery-power of the'track-battery B onto the track-circuit through the rails of block A, this full batterypower being necessary to clear the distant signal at the rear end of the blockA'. .From

the above description it will be evident that this could not have been doneif there was a train in the block A, and therefore that the.

conditions inthe block A mustbe such as to permit the home signal at the rear end of that block to go to r safety. to indicate onelblock clear in order that the distant signal at the rear end of the block A may go to safety and thereby indicate two blocks clear, and

this control is exerted through the controlling means whereby. thehome signal at the rear end of the block A would be put to safety/1 so that the home. signal at the rear end 'of block A must be in condition to go to safety before the distant signal at the rear end of blockA can go to safety and indicate that the block A is clear of trains.

When the train enters the block A, it will close a shunt across the rails which will cut out the joint resistance of coils at the rear end of theblock A corresponding with the home-signal rear-relay coils G H and the distant-signal rear relay E, and this short circuit of low resistance across the rails will cause the attraction of the front coils T of the homethe block A.

blockf'front relay to preponderate, and thearmature-lever a of this relay will be moved against the contact a, the armature-lever p of the other front relay still remaining against the contact q. Theclosing of the contacts at a will close an actuating-circuit for the signal at the rear'end of the block A through the coils of relay S; The movable brush f is already against the commutator, as before described, there being no train in the block A to shunt-theadvance track-battery B The circuits nowto be described are dependentupon the maintenance of the movable brush fagainstthe commutator and would be opened should a train back into or otherwise enter The holding-clutch circuit is as follows: from main-battery'B by wire 42,

movable brush f, fined brush 1,-wires 51 56,

clutch-coils D, wires 5554, brushes 15 16, and. wire 45 back to battery. -Tl1e home-s ignal circuit closed at the contacts a u is as follows: from main battery'B by wire 42, movable brush f, fixed brush 1, wires 51 52, coils S, wire 53, contacts uee, wire 54, brushes 15 16, and wire 45 back to battery. The energization of the coi-lsS closes a motor-actuating circuit for putting the home signal to safety byblosing the contacts 8' t. The

motor-actuating circuit is as follows: from rest upon the dotted line marked 1 block clear. As commutator K approaches "this position and before the break in the commutator-pla'te of the brush 14 passes thereunder I brushes F F and complete the-followingmotor-- circuit: from battery B through the motor M, wire 58, brushes FF, and wire 45 back to battery. This eonstructionobviates any dependence upon momentum to carry the break in the'commutator-plate past the brush 14, and the motor-circuit is continued until the tooth passes clear of the pawl 227 and the pawl drops behind the tooth. This movement of the pawl opens the motor-circuit just described, which was closed by the pawl, and the motor-circuit'throu'gh the brush 14 is already open at the break in the commutatorplate, and should there be a train in the block A so that the distant signal will not be put to safety position, the actuation of the signal mechanism will terminate at this point. It will be observed that the opening of the motorcircuit occurs at the brushes F F, and any sparking incident thereto occurs at these brushes, and as'these brushes are not required toagairi-close a circuit until they have been subjected to a rubbing action, resulting from 228 of the pawl will come in contact with the the actuation of the pawl by several teeth of the ratchet-wheel, any fouling from the effects of sparking will be removed. Y The commutator-brushes are now upon the line marked 1 block clear. In consequenceof this movement the circuit above described, which was closed through the brushes 6 7, whereby the two front relays wereconnected in multiple with-the full power of thetrack-battery B, is

now opened between the brushes 6 and 7; but a clrcuit through these two front relays from jthetwo cells in multiple of the-track-battery Y B is closed through the brushes 8 7, asfollows: from the two cells in multiple of the battery B through wire 59,'brushes 8 7 wire 47, and contacts I) a, and through the. two" front re-.

lays in multiple. as before described. The

brush 7 extends across or bridges the break or opening between the commutator-plates,

. so that the maintenance of a circuit through the front relays is continuous, thereby continuing inclosed condition the circuits maintained through and by the contacts p q and u u, and therefore continuing the energization of the holding-clutchcoils D, and thereby holding the home signal at safety. Thus the entrance of the train upon the block A effects a change from the connection of the full bat-- terypower of the track-battery B to the connection'of the two, cells in multiple thereof to the rails, thereby preventing too great an in crease of battery-current, which might otherwise arisefrom the reduction in resistance of the trackcircuit'of the block A, due to entrance of the train therein, the wheels and axles of, which form a connectionof negligible resistance between the rails. Such undue increase in current is prevented, however, by

and the coils of "the home-signal rear relay G H will beconnected'in-multiple with each other, .while being connected between the rails of the block A in a circuit leading from the front end of that block, the portion of this circuit from rail to rail at the rear end of the block being as follows: from upper' rail by wires 38 36, contacts 10 q, and wire 37, and branching from the wire 37 in one path through brush 5 and in the other path a through the wire 40, the circuit through the path first mentioned proceeding from brush 5 to brush 4 and by wire 60 to coils of relay E and by wire 61 to wire 39, and the circuit through the-other path being from wire iO through the coils of rear relay G H in series to wire 39* and these branches uniting at wire 39 and proceeding therethrough to the lower rail of the block A.

The portion of the above particularly-described circuit which leads from rail to rail at the front end of the block A corresponds to that already described from rail to rail at the. front end of the'block A when the train first entered the second block in rear thereof. It comprises .two parallel branches, the first branch leading from the wer rail through the wires and 64: the two multiple cells of the battery B the wire 26, contacts 5 a", Wire 27, front coils P ofthe home and rear blocks front relay 1 Q, and wire 62 back to the upperrail, and the second brahch leading from the lower rail through wire 65, Wire 64, rear coils Q of the same relay and wire 62 back to the upperrail. With the relay E thus added to the track-circuit of the block A and in multiple with the coils G H the joint resistance of this track-circuit (which, as already .;noted, is in parallel with the back coils Q with respect to the circuit of the track-battery B is so reduced that the coils P of the front relay Q attract the armature p, and thereby close'acircuit,such as be- 7 fore described with reference tothe station at the forward end of the block A, which will put the movable commutator-brush f against its commutator K, providing there is no trainin'the block A and will thereby close a circuit of the coils 0, corresponding to that already described'for the coils O, and thereby connect both front relays of the block A in,

multiple with each other in the circuit of the battery B and at the same time raise this battery to its full power, and this full batterypower will be applied to the rails of'block A and will flow through the coils of the homesignal rear relay G Hand of the distant-signal rear relay E, and the relay E will then be energized sufliciently to attract its armature, thereby closing the contacts w The closing of the contacts e e'will complete the following circuit for the motor: from main battery B, through motor M, wire 57, contacts .9 t, wire 58, brushes 14-13, Wire 66, "contacts ee, wire 45, back to battery. The circuit for the holding-clutch D still remains closed, as

it is maintained through the movable brush f and fixed brush 1, as before described, and

the signal is therefore moved toward the twoblocks clear position. As .the longitudinal brake in the commutatonplate of the brush 15 passes under the brush 1'5 circuits are set up for the relay-coils S and the clutchcoils I) through the brushes l5 and 13, replacing those which flowed through the brushes 15 and 16, the brush 15 extending across or bridging the break in the commutator-plate,

I so that the flow of current to the relay-coils S and to the clutch-coils D is continuous. These circuits are as follows: for the relaymoils S, from main battery B by wire as, movable brush f, fixed brush 1, Wires 51 52, coils S,

i the pawl 227 is lifted by the tooth of the ratchet-wheel 225, and therebyv the foot-piece be continued untilthe tooth 0 passes clear of. the pawl and the pawl drops against the bot- I 228 of the pawl will come incontact with the brushes-F F and complete a motor-circuit, as above described, and this motor-circuitwill tom of the tooth. This movement of the I pawl opens the motor-circuit, and the com-' signals in this position.

mutator comes to rest with the brushes on the line marked 2 blocks clear and the distant signal in the safety position, indicating two blocks clear, the coils Sand the holding clutch coils D still remaining energized and the holding-clutch therefore maintaining the Should the block A become occupied by a train. after the distant signal has given the two-blocks-clear indication to'the. train in the block A and before the last-mentioned train passes out of block A, the train in the block A will shunt the rail-circuit of thehome-signal rear relay G H, and themovable'brush f will. fall away from its commutator K, and the relay 0" will be deenergized, thereby opening at the points a b the circuit, whereby the V the full power of the track-battery B was aptherefore their armature-lever 6 will fall, open- 5 0 plied to the rails of the block A and restoring the connection with two cells in multiple of such battery through the contacts or b", and in consequence of this operation the'current flowing through the rear-relaycoils G, H, and E will be reduced. Under this reduced current the home-signal rear relay-G H will still hold its armature forward and will maintaifi the movable commutator-brush f against the commutator K; but the distant-signal rear relay coils E will not hold their armature, and

ing the contacts 6 e, and'thereby deenergizing the relay-coils S and the holding-clutch coils D and closing the contacts 6 6 and thereby closing a circuit, whereby the home-signal clutch C becomes a holding-clutch; but the current of these two cells-in multiple of the battery B through the home-signal rear-relay coils H G, will'maintain the movable brush fagainst the commutator, and the circuit whereby the home-signal clutch C will become a holdingclutch will be closedthrough the brushes f and 3, as follows: from battery B by wire 42, movable brush f, brush 3, wire 67, brush 20 of home-signal commutator J, and the plate 150 of such commutator, Wire 68, metallically connected to this plate, coils ofhomesignal clutch C, wire 69, and the plate 151 of commutator J, with which platelthe wire 69 is metallically connected, brush 18, (which is now at the line marked Safety,) wire 70, contacts 0 e, and wire45, back to battery. The current flowing through this circuit willbe more powerful than that flowing through I these coils when they act as-a brake-clutch, as will be hereinafter described, and will'be sufficient to hold the home signal in the safety position. The distant signal is now free to go to danger under the action of its counterweight, and as it approaches nearly to the danger position its movement is slowed down, by its brake-cl utch C through a circuit closed for a sufiicient'interval toperform this func 'tion, this circuit .being as follows: from the main battery B by wire 71, brush 22 of the commutator J of this brake-clutch C, plate 152, wire 72, clutch-coils-C, wire 73', plate 153, brush 21, wires 74 70, contacts 6 e, andwire 45, back to battery. This circuit is opened at the brush 21 as the distant signal reaches the danger position. The resistance of the clutch-magnetizing coils of this circuit is so adjusted that it is not a holding-circuit, but only acts to retard the movement of the distant-signal. In this respect the clutchmagnetizing coils of this'circuit ofthe distaut-signal brake-clutch are di-flerent from those of the home-signal brake-clutch, which is normally a holding-clutch, but is reduced by the resistance R-in its brake circuit to. a retarding or brake clutch. The deenergization of the coils'S,-which resulted from the opening of the contacts 66', caused the closing of the contacts 8' t, completing a circuit for the motor by which the distant signal would be forced to .danger if its counterweight failed to put it to danger and by which the commutator-will be moved until the brushes are on the line marked 5 2 to- 1 block clear "and by which the circuit above described,

which made the home-signal clutch C a holding-clutch, is operated at the brush 3, but not before the commutator movement hasrcaused the holding-clutch coils D to be again energized through the brushes 15 and 16, so that the holding-clutch D replaces the home-signal clutch C and'maintains-the-home signal at safety. The forcing-circuit for the motor is as follows: from battery B, through motor M, wire 57 contacts t', wire 75, brushes 17 16, and wire 45, back to battery. The actuation'of the motor moves the commutator, so

that the-brushes approach the line marked Y 2 to lblock clear, and as the commutator approaches this position the break in the plate of the brush 3 opens the circuit, whereby the home-signal clutch became a holdingclutch,'and simultaneously. with or just before such reopening of the home-signal clutcl1cir cuit the passing of the brush 15 onto the commutator-plate connected with the brush 16 restores the original circuit above described,

whereby the relay S was actuated to close the motor-actuating circuit by which the home signal was originally put to safety, this restored circuit including the relay-coils S, and the reenergization of these relay-coils S breaking the motor-circuit through contacts 8 t. Before, however, the break in the commutator-plate passes under the brush the pawl 227 is lifted by the tooth 0* of the ratchet-wheel 225, and thereby the foot-piece 228 of the pawl is brought into contact with the brushesF F, and ainotor-circuit completed, as above described, and continued until the tooth passes clear of the pawl.

.as it nearly approaches the danger position the brake-clutch circuit is completed for the home-signal clutch C, as follows: from main battery B by wire 42, movable brush f, back contact g of brush f, wire 7 6, including resistance R, brush 19 of commutatorJ, commutator-plate 150, wire 68, clutch C, wire 69,, plate 151, brush 18, wire 7 0, contacts 6 e, and wire 45, back to battery. The current flowing througn this circuit is reduced by the resistance R to produce the brake-clutch action ofthe home-signal clutch C, the circuit for the holding-clutch action, as previously described, having init no resistance other than that of the clutch-coils C and necessary conductors. The forcing-circuit is also completed for the motor to restore the commutator K to normal position, and should the counterweight fail to restore the home signal to the danger position the motor will perform this op: erationf This forcing-circuit has been here'- tofore described, and is as follows: from main battery B through motor M,.wire 57, contacts s t, wire 7 5, brushes 17 16, and wire 45,

back to battery. As the commutator approaches the normal danger position, in which position the brushes will be on the line marked Danger, the break in the eommutater-plate of-thebrush 17 opens the motor; circuit above described; but before this motor circuit is opened another motor-circuit is closed asa result of the action of the ratchettooth c on the pawl, and the foot-piece 228 of the pawl connects the brushes F F to close such motor -circuit, and this circuit is continued until the pawl passes clear of the tooth c, and therefore the n1otor-circuit is finally opened at the brushes F F.

Should both the home signal and the distant signal be in the safetyposition when the train enters the block A from the block A,\in which case the brushes would be on the line marked 2 blocks clear, or should the distant signal have remained at danger, in which case the brushes would be on the line marked 1 block clear, the entrance of the train in the block A will cut out the advance track-battery B deenergizing the home-signal rear relay-coils G H and the distant-signal rear relay-coils E, as abovedescribed, and the movable brush f will fall away from the com mutator, thereby deenergizing the relays O and S. The signals are then freeto go to danger under the influence of the counterweights, and failing this the motor will force them to danger by the forcing-circuit heretofore described; asfollows: from main battery B through motorM, wire 57, contacts 8 6', wire 75, brushes' li' 16, and wire 45, back to battery, and this'circuit will remain closed until the break in the commutator-plate of the brush 17 passes under this brush, and simultaneously therewith a motor-circuit will be closed through the brushes F F,'as formerly described, and the motor-circuit will be finally opened at this point. As the signals nearly approach the danger position the movement of the home signal is checked by its brake-clutch through the circuit heretofore described, as follows: from main battery B by wire 42, movable brush f, back contact g, wire 7 6, including resistance R, brush 19, plate 150, wire 68, clutch-coils U, wire69, plate 151, brush 18, wire 70, contacts 6 e, Wire 15, back to battery. The brake-clutch circuit for the distant signal is from main battery B by wire 71, brush 22, plate 152, wire 7 2, coils of clutch C, wire 73, plate 153, brush 21, wires 74 70, contacts 6 e, and wire 45, back to battery. I

It will be noted that the front and back coils Vand W, respectively, of the compound re lay V W are in series with each other and with one cell or with all the cells of the battery B, according to whether 1; contacts with w or with w. It will also be noted that any circuit leading from wire 32 to wire 41 constitutes a shunt around the back coils W of this relay. Any such shunt-circuit of low enough resistance will so reduce the current passing normal conditions and when there is no shuntcircuit of sufficiently low resistance around or across the terminals of the coils W these coils w ll predominate, slnce they are of higher re-v through the backcoils W as to cause the maggreater magnetizing force. In the movement sistance. and with agiven current develop a of the commutator toward the danger positiona temporaryshort circuit or shunt-circuit around the coils WV is closed through the brushes 11 10, the function of which is to ope'rate the compound relay V W, so that when the Signals go to danger and upon the commutator assumingthe danger position the full power of-the opposing battery'B will be put in circuit with the rails of the block A through the brushes 11 and 12, the commutator bring- 1 ing the brush'12 into connection with the brush 11 before breaking the connection which it has made between the brushes 10 and 11. This temporary short circuit-is asyfollows:

from one cell of the opposing battery B,

through wire 31, contacts w o, coils V, wire 32, brushes 11 10, and wires? 7 41, back to battery. This temporary short circuit around the coils W causes the attraction of the coils V to preponderate and move the armaturelever '0 forward, closing the spring or follow ing'contacts 2: 'w before opening the spring or following contacts {0 w,- and thereby introducing the full power of the opposing battery B into the circuit without breaking the latter,

which now leads from the opposing battery. B

. through the wire 78 and contacts to the arma- 3 through the temporary short circuit.

ture-lever o and thereafter, as above described,

HOW- ever, as the commutator continues to move toward the normal or danger position this tem- F porary short circuit is opened at the brush 1 0,

but not before a circuit is closed through the brush 12, as follows: from opposing battery B,

through wire 78, contacts w o, coils V, wire 32,

,brushesll 12, wire 33, contacts 8 1', wire 34, contacts 6 a, wires 35 38, upper rail, wheels and axlesof train, lower rail, wire 39, back coilsH,

wire 41, back to battery. -While this circuit B with the rails of'the blockA,so that when last traced, which is of course in parallel with orshunted around the coils W, is of higher resistance than the temporary short circuit already described, it still shunts enough current fromthe coils W to enable the coils V to preponderate in their attraction on the armature, so as to retain the latter in its forward position nearer the coils V after it has been'placed there through the instrumentality of the temporary short circuit. The'function of this operation of the relay V W is toconnect the full power of the opposing battery the train leaves the block A to'pass out at a siding the short circuit through. the wheels and axles of the train will be removed, and

the current from the opposing battery B, assuming the block A to be clear and the relay 0 to be energized, will flow from the upper rail at the front end of the block A through wire 62, back coils Q of home and rear blocks front relay, Wire 64, also'in multiple by wires 62 50, contacts a b'f', wire 49, and I .back coils U of the home-block front relay to wire 64, and also in multiple therewith by wire 62, front coils P of home and rear blocks front relay, wire 27 ,to contacts a 6 and also in multiple from wire 62 by wire 50', contacts a Z), wire 49, front coils. T of homeblock front relay, wire 48, contacts 6 a; to contacts (1, 12 where the two last-described parallels unite and continue'in one circuit still parallel with the first two parallels through wire 47 brushes?" 8", wire 59, opposing two cells in multiple of battery B to wire 64, and thence the four multiples having all. united by wire, 65 to lower rail of block A, and at .the rear end of the block A from lower rail by wire 39, back coils H of home-signal rear relay and wire 41, back to battery. By this circuit the back coils Q and. U of the two front relays will be energized in the same direction as by their track-battery B and the front coils P and T will be energized in the .85 I opposite direction. The back coils will be:

energized by the full power of the opposing batteryB, but the path of the current of this battery through the front c'oilswill be in opanceof the ground-circuit from rail to rail I mightbe so lowered asto constitute a very low-resistance shunt across the terminals of the back coils in multiple with this ground IOOv resistance, 'so that these back coils might not sufiiciently preponderate over the front coils to cause the rearward movement of the armatures, although under all conditions of weather:

the back coils would hold the armatures in rearward position after they had been moved into such positions wherein they are nearer the back coils than the front coils.

The circuits above described for the opposing battery B, which are established in shunt with the back coils W upon the exit of the train from the block A are normally of such resistance that they will cause the attraction of these back coils W topreponderate and move the armature-lever o rearwardly, thereby cutting out the extra cells of the opposing battery B and restoring the normal connection heretofore described of one cell of the battery B to the rails; but since it requires an appreciablemovement of the armature 'vin order to make contact with 'w and to break.

contact with w, and since thismovement consumes an appreciable time the full power of the opposing battery B will have operated the front relays, as above described, before this reduction to normal lesser battery-power is effected. Under extreme wet weather conditions and consequent extreme low resistance 

